Detecting Distributed Denial of Service Attacks in Neighbour Discovery Protocol Using Machine Learning Algorithm Based on Streams Representation

© 2018, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature. The main protocol of the Internet protocol version 6 suites is the neighbour discovery protocol, which is geared towards substitution of address resolution protocol, router discovery, and function redirection in Internet protocol version 4. Internet protocol version 6 nodes employ neighbour discovery protocol to detect linked hosts and routers in Internet protocol version 6 network without the dependence on dynamic host configuration protocol server, which has earned the neighbour discovery protocol the title of the stateless protocol. The authentication process of the neighbour discovery protocol exhibits weaknesses that make this protocol vulnerable to attacks. Denial of service attacks can be triggered by a malicious host through the introduction of spoofed addresses in neighbour discovery protocol messages. Internet version 6 protocols are not well supported by Network Intrusion Detection System as is the case with Internet Protocol version 4 protocols. Several data mining techniques have been introduced to improve the classification mechanism of Intrusion detection system. In addition, extensive researches indicated that there is no Intrusion Detection system for Internet Protocol version 6 using advanced machine-learning techniques toward distributed denial of service attacks. This paper aims to detect Distributed Denial of Service attacks of the Neighbour Discovery protocol using machine-learning techniques, due to the severity of the attacks and the importance of Neighbour Discovery protocol in Internet Protocol version 6. Decision tree algorithm and Random Forest Algorithm showed high accuracy results in comparison to the other benchmarked algorithms

A Large Animal Model of Right Ventricular Failure due to Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: A Focus on Function

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a debilitating disease that progresses to right ventricular (RV) failure and death if left untreated. Little is known regarding the progression of RV failure in this disease, greatly limiting effective prognoses, and therapeutic interventions. Large animal models enable the use of clinical techniques and technologies to assess progression and diagnose failure, but the existing large animal models of CTEPH have not been shown to replicate the functional consequences of the RV, i.e., RV failure. Here, we created a canine embolization model of CTEPH utilizing only microsphere injections, and we used a combination of right heart catheterization (RHC), echocardiography (echo), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantify RV function. Over the course of several months, CTEPH led to a 6-fold increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in four adult, male beagles. As evidenced by decreased cardiac index (0.12 ± 0.01 v. 0.07 ± 0.01 [L/(min*kg)]; p < 0.05), ejection fraction (0.48 ± 0.02 v. 0.31 ± 0.02; p < 0.05), and ventricular-vascular coupling ratio (0.95 ± 0.09 v. 0.45 ± 0.05; p < 0.05), as well as decreased tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (1.37 ± 0.06 v. 0.86 ± 0.05 [cm]; p < 0.05) and increased end-diastolic volume index (2.73 ± 0.06 v. 2.98 ± 0.02 [mL/kg]; p < 0.05), the model caused RV failure. The ability of this large animal CTEPH model to replicate the hemodynamic consequences of the human disease suggests that it could be utilized for future studies to gain insight into the pathophysiology of CTEPH development, following further optimization

Nutrition and lung cancer: a case control study in Iran

Background: Despite many prospective and retrospective studies about the association of dietary habit and lung cancer, the topic still remains controversial. So, this study aims to investigate the association of lung cancer with dietary factors. Method: In this study 242 lung cancer patients and their 484 matched controls on age, sex, and place of residence were enrolled between October 2002 to 2005. Trained physicians interviewed all participants with standardized questionnaires. The middle and upper third consumer groups were compared to the lower third according to the distribution in controls unless the linear trend was significant across exposure groups. Result: Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the association with lung cancer. In a multivariate analysis fruit (Ptrend < 0.0001), vegetable (P = 0.001) and sunflower oil (P = 0.006) remained as protective factors and rice (P = 0.008), bread (Ptrend = 0.04), liver (P = 0.004), butter (Ptrend = 0.04), white cheese (Ptrend < 0.0001), beef (Ptrend = 0.005), vegetable ghee (P < 0.0001) and, animal ghee (P = 0.015) remained as risk factors of lung cancer. Generally, we found positive trend between consumption of beef (P = 0.002), bread (P < 0.0001), and dairy products (P < 0.0001) with lung cancer. In contrast, only fruits were inversely related to lung cancer (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: It seems that vegetables, fruits, and sunflower oil could be protective factors and bread, rice, beef, liver, dairy products, vegetable ghee, and animal ghee found to be possible risk factors for the development of lung cancer in Iran

As Far as the Eye Can See: Relationship between Psychopathic Traits and Pupil Response to Affective Stimuli

Psychopathic individuals show a range of affective processing deficits, typically associated with the interpersonal/affective component of psychopathy. However, previous research has been inconsistent as to whether psychopathy, within both offender and community populations, is associated with deficient autonomic responses to the simple presentation of affective stimuli. Changes in pupil diameter occur in response to emotionally arousing stimuli and can be used as an objective indicator of physiological reactivity to emotion. This study used pupillometry to explore whether psychopathic traits within a community sample were associated with hypo-responsivity to the affective content of stimuli. Pupil activity was recorded for 102 adult (52 female) community participants in response to affective (both negative and positive affect) and affectively neutral stimuli, that included images of scenes, static facial expressions, dynamic facial expressions and sound-clips. Psychopathic traits were measured using the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure. Pupil diameter was larger in response to negative stimuli, but comparable pupil size was demonstrated across pleasant and neutral stimuli. A linear relationship between subjective arousal and pupil diameter was found in response to sound-clips, but was not evident in response to scenes. Contrary to predictions, psychopathy was unrelated to emotional modulation of pupil diameter across all stimuli. The findings were the same when participant gender was considered. This suggests that psychopathy within a community sample is not associated with autonomic hypo-responsivity to affective stimuli, and this effect is discussed in relation to later defensive/appetitive mobilisation deficits

Crystal structure of a dimeric archaeal cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor

Proteins of the metallo-β-lactamase (MβL) fold form a large superfamily of metallo-hydrolase/oxidoreductases. Members of this family are found in all three domains of life and are involved in a variety of biological functions related to hydrolysis, redox processes, DNA repair and uptake, and RNA processing. We classified the archaeal homologs of this superfamily based on sequence similarity and characterized a subfamily of the Cleavage and Polyadenylation Specificity Factor (CPSF) with an uncommon domain composition: in addition to an extended MβL domain, which accommodates the active site for RNA cleavage, this group has two N-terminal KH domains. Here, we present the crystal structure of a member of this group from Methanosarcina mazei. It reveals a dimerization mode of the MβL domain that has not been observed before and suggests that RNA is bound across the dimer interface, recognized by the KH domains of one monomer, and cleaved at the active site of the other